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{{Read Tamil|Name of target page=ஆறுமுக நாவலர்|Title of target page=ஆறுமுக நாவலர்}}
{{Read Tamil|Name of target page=ஆறுமுக நாவலர்|Title of target page=ஆறுமுக நாவலர்}}
[[File:ஆறுமுக நாவலர் .jpg|alt=Arumuka Navalar|thumb|Arumuka Navalar]]
[[File:ஆறுமுக நாவலர் .jpg|alt=Arumuka Navalar|thumb|Arumuka Navalar]]
Arumuka Navalar(December 18, 1822 - December 5, 1879) was a Tamil scholar, Shaivam scholar, a teacher in Tamil and English, Translator, Publisher, Commentator and Orator. He published a lot of ancient Tamil texts including Thirukkural Parimelazhagar Urai and Nannool Kandigai. Arumuka Navalar is remembered for his discourses on Shaivam religion and அச்சுப்பணி. He is one of the primary figures in nineteenth-sentury Shaivam Revival Movement.
Arumuka Navalar(December 18, 1822 - December 5, 1879) was a Tamil scholar, Shaivam scholar, teacher in Tamil and English, Translator, Publisher, Commentator and Orator. He published many ancient Tamil texts including Thirukkural Parimelazhagar Urai and Nannool Kandigai. Arumuka Navalar is remembered for his discourses on Shaivam religion and work on publishing. He is one of the primary figures in the nineteenth-century Shaivam Revival Movement.
== Birth and Education ==
== Birth and Education ==
Arumuka Navalar was born as a last son to Kandapillai and Sivagami on December 18, 1822 in Nallur, Jaffna Srilanka. Navalar's birth name was Arumugampillai. He started learning from five. He learned Moothurai, dictionary from Subramaniya Upadhyaya at porch school. He completed higher education from Saravanamuthu Pulavar and Senathirasa Mudaliyar. Arumuka Navalar shown erudition in Tamil and Sanskrit. He studied English at Wesleyan Methodist Central College, Jaffna.
Arumuka Navalar was born as the last son to Kandapillai and Sivagami on December 18, 1822, in Nallur, Jaffna Srilanka. Navalar's birth name was Arumugampillai. He started learning from five. He learned Moothurai and dictionary from Subramaniya Upadhiyayar at porch school. He completed higher education from Saravanamuthu Pulavar and Senathirasa Mudaliyar. Arumuka Navalar showed erudition in Tamil and Sanskrit. He studied English at Wesleyan Methodist Central College, Jaffna.
== Work as a Teacher ==
== Work as a Teacher ==
Arumuka Navalar worked as a teacher for sometime at Wesleyan Methodist Central College, where he studied . He taught many students at his porch. Arumuga Thambiran was his student.
Arumuka Navalar worked as a teacher for some time at Wesleyan Methodist Central College, where he studied. He taught many students on his porch. Arumuga Thambiran was his student.
== Bible Translation ==
== Bible Translation ==
Arumuka Navalar was close to pastor Peter Percival, and worked as an editor on the team that translated the Bible. Arumuka Navalar worked along with Vaddukoddai Gurumadam. When the Bible translation work was going on in Jaffna, Arumuka Navalar Peter Percival went to Chennai, after hearing that the Christian church in Chennai heard was doing the same, to establish which translation was the best. Mazavai Vidwan Mahalinga Iyer acted as arbitrator and ruled that the translation of the Arumuka Navalar was the best. It is said that it was accepted.
Arumuka Navalar was close to pastor Peter Percival and worked as an editor on the team that translated the Bible. Arumuka Navalar worked along with [[வட்டுக்கோட்டை குருமடம்|Vaddukoddai Gurumadam]]. When the Bible translation work was going on in Jaffna, Arumuka Navalar and Peter Percival went to Chennai, after hearing that the Christian church in Chennai was doing the same, to establish which translation was the best. Mazhavai Vidwan Mahalinga Iyer acted as arbitrator and ruled that the translation of the Arumuka Navalar was the best. It is said that it was accepted.
 
== Work on Shaivam ==
== Work on Shaivam ==
In Sri Lanka, the American Mission established the Vaddukoddai Gurumadam and Tellippalai College and actively propagated religion(மதப்பரப்பு). The elites of Jaffna was converting to Christianity for the sake of English education. Arumuka Navalar taught it would destroy Shaivam and became a propagator of Shaivism. He began his work on Shaivam by publishing pamphlets as a denial of pamphlets from Christians denouncing Shaivam. He published small books and pamphlets. He wrote commentary on Shaivam psalms.  
In Sri Lanka, the American Mission established the Vaddukoddai Gurumadam and Tellippalai College and actively propagated religion(மதப்பரப்பு). The elites of Jaffna were converting to Christianity for the sake of English education. Arumuka Navalar thought it would destroy Shaivam and became a propagator of Shaivism. He began his work on Shaivam by publishing pamphlets as a denial of pamphlets from Christians denouncing Shaivam. He published small books and pamphlets. He wrote a commentary on Shaivam psalms.


Arumuka Navalar wrote small books. He continued to work in an effort to restore antiquity and tradition. He started a Shaivam school called 'Shaiva Prakasa Vidyasalai' on November 11, 1864 in Chidambaram. Arumuka Navalar attempted to rebuild the ancient Shiva temple of Naguleswaram in Jaffna, which was destroyed by the Portuguese. He performed sermons on Shaivism.
Arumuka Navalar wrote small books. He continued to work to restore antiquity and tradition. He started a Shaivam school called 'Shaiva Prakasa Vidyasalai' on November 11, 1864, in Chidambaram. Arumuka Navalar attempted to rebuild the ancient Shiva temple of Naguleswaram in Jaffna, which was destroyed by the Portuguese. He performed sermons on Shaivism.


Arumuka Navalar along with Nallur Sadasivam pillai went to Chennai in Tamil month Aadi, 1849 to buy a printer to print textbooks on Shaivam. There he gave a lecture on Shaivam at Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam and expressed his erudition and received the title 'Navalar' from Thiruvaduthurai Adheena. He stayed in Chennai for a while; published Soodamani Nigandu and Saundarya Lahari and returned tp Jaffna with a printer.
Arumuka Navalar went to Chennai along with Nallur Sadasivam Pillai in Tamil month Aadi 1849 to buy a printer to print textbooks on Shaivam. There he gave a lecture on Shaivam at Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam and expressed his erudition and received the title 'Navalar' from Thiruvaduthurai Adheena. He stayed in Chennai for a while, published Soodamani Nigandu and Saundarya Lahari and returned to Jaffna with a printer.


Arumuka Navalar established a printing house 'Vidhyanubalana Atchiyantharasalai' at his house and published books like ''Baalapadam, Aathichoodi'', commentary on ''Kondraivendhan, Sivalayatharisanavidhi, Saivasamayasaaram, Kolaimaruthal, Nanool Viruthiyurai, Thirichendinirottaka Yamagavanthathiyurai'' and commentary on ''Tirumurukatruppadai''. He wrote Thiruthondar '''Periya Puranam''<nowiki/>' in a dialogue form. Also he published texts like ''Gyanakummi, Yesumathaparigaram'' and ''Vachirathandam.''
Arumuka Navalar established a printing house 'Vidhyanubalana Atchiyantharasalai' at his residence and published books like ''Baalapadam, Aathichoodi'', commentary on ''Kondraivendhan, Sivalayatharisanavidhi, Saivasamayasaaram, Kolaimaruthal, Nanool Viruthiyurai, Thirichendinirottaka Yamagavanthathiyurai'' and commentary on ''Tirumurukatruppadai''. He wrote Thiruthondar '''Periya Puranam''<nowiki/>' in a dialogue form. Also, he published texts like ''Gyanakummi, Yesumathaparigaram'' and ''Vachirathandam.''


Arumuka Navalar returned to Chennai, published Thiruvasagam and Thirukkovaiyar on the Tamil month Vaikasi, 1859. He established 'Vidhyanubalana Atchiyantharasalai' in Thangasalai, Chennai and published various Shaivam texts. After staying in Chennai, Thiruvaduthurai and Thirunagaikoranam and giving Shaivam sermons, he returned to Jaffna in 1862.
Arumuka Navalar returned to Chennai and published Thiruvasagam and Thirukkovaiyar in the Tamil month Vaikasi, 1859. He established 'Vidhyanubalana Atchiyantharasalai' in Thangasalai, Chennai and published various Shaivam texts. After staying in Chennai, Thiruvaduthurai and Thirunagaikoranam and giving Shaivam sermons, he returned to Jaffna in the Tamil month Panguni, 1862.


On the Tamil month Margazhi, 18963 Arumuka Navalar came to Tamilnadu again. He addressed in Ramanathapuram. From there , he went to Madurai and spoke at Meenakshi Amman Sannidhanam. He addressed in Kundrakudi Adheenam, Tirupperunturai, Thirupullirukkuvelur and Sirkali. He went to Chidambaram and established Chidambaram Saivaprakasa Vidhyasalai in the Tamil month Aippasi, 1864. Returning to Chennai in the Tamil month Margazhi 1866, Arumuka Navalar became involved in preaching Shaivam and printing and publishing books.
On the Tamil month Margazhi, 18963 Arumuka Navalar came to Tamilnadu again. He addressed in Ramanathapuram. From there, he went to Madurai and spoke at Meenakshi Amman Sannidhanam. He addressed in Kundrakudi Adheenam, Tirupperunturai, Thirupullirukkuvelur and Sirkali. He went to Chidambaram and established Chidambaram Saivaprakasa Vidhyasalai in the Tamil month of Aippasi, 1864. Returning to Chennai in the Tamil month Margazhi 1866, Arumuka Navalar became involved in preaching Shaivam and printing and publishing books.


Arumuka Navalar started a Shaivam school at Copay on 1870 and ran it at his own expense. In 1871, Shaivam students were expelled by John Kilner for wearing holy ash at the Wesleyan English School, Vannarpannai. Considering the benefit of the children, Arumuka Navalar established and ran a Shaivam school at Vannarpannai in 1872. This school ran only for four years owing to lack of funds.
Arumuka Navalar started a Shaivam school at Copay in 1870 and ran it at his own expense. In 1871, Shaivam students were expelled by John Kilner for wearing holy ash at the Wesleyan English School, Vannarpannai. Considering the benefit to the children, Arumuka Navalar established and ran a Shaivam school at Vannarpannai in 1872. This school ran only for four years owing to a lack of funds.


In the Tamil month of Aippasi in 1872 Arumuka Navalar compiled the facts he had learned from his experience up to that time and named it the '''Yazhpana Samaya Nilai''<nowiki/>'. Between 1875 and 1878, Arumuka Navalar was involved in writing books such as ''Nanool Viruthiyurai, Naidathavurai, Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam, Nanoor Kaandigaivurai, Sivapoosa Vidhi, Moondram Anutaana Vidhi, Guru Sishya Kiramam, Poosaikku Idampannum Vidhi, Siraatha Vidhi, Tharupana Vidhi, Bosana Vidhi, Tamil Agarathi, Tamil-Samaskrutha Agarathi, Tamil-Aangila Agarathi'' and involved in sermons on Shaivam.
In the Tamil month of Aippasi in 1872, Arumuka Navalar compiled the facts he had learned from his experience up to that time and named it the '''Yazhpana Samaya Nilai''<nowiki/>'. Between 1875 and 1878, Arumuka Navalar involved in writing books such as ''Nanool Viruthiyurai, Naidathavurai, Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam, Nanoor Kaandigaivurai, Sivapoosa Vidhi, Moondram Anutaana Vidhi, Guru Sishya Kiramam, Poosaikku Idampannum Vidhi, Siraatha Vidhi, Tharupana Vidhi, Bosana Vidhi, Tamil Agarathi, Tamil-Samaskrutha Agarathi, Tamil-Aangila Agarathi'' and involved in sermons on Shaivam.
== Arumuka Navalar's Shaiva Approach ==
Arumuka Navalar had a strongly traditional view related to Shaivam. He argued that Shaiva agamas should be practiced in all temples without exceptions. Arumuka Navalar was not at all receptive to individualist trends within Shaivism in Chidambaram Temple or new trends such as Ramalinga Vallalar's movement branching out into Saivism. He was in close contact with Shaiva monasteries. He thought that the monasteries should take the lead in establishing the tradition.


== Arumuka Navalar's Shaiva Approach ==
Arumuka Navalar believed that Shaivam was southbound. So he presented the Saiva Thirumuraigal as the Saivite texts next to the Agamas. He tried to practice Tevaram Parayanam in temples.
Arumuka Navalar had a strong traditional view related with Shaivam. He argued that Shaiva aagamas should be practised in all temples without exceptions. Arumuka Navalar was not at all receptive to individualist trends within Shaivism in Chidambaram Temple or new trends such as Ramalinga Vallalar's movement branching out into Saivism. He was in close contact Shaiva monastries. He thought that the monasteries should take the lead in establishing the tradition.


Arumuka Navalar believed that Shaivam was south bound. So he presented the Saiva Thirumuraigal as the Saivite texts next to the Agamas. He tried to practice Tevaram Parayanam in temples.
Arumuka Navalar Emphasized traditional Shaiva ethics. He insisted that the Shaivas should observe all the rituals of life, including taking Shiv Diksha. He abstained Shiavas from eating with the lower castes and from touching the lower castes.


Arumuka Navalar Emphasized traditional Shaiva ethics. He insisted that the Shaivas should observe all the rituals of life, including taking Shiv Diksha. He abstained Shiavas from eating with the lower castes and from touching the lower castes. Basically Arumuka Navalar can be defined as a traditionalist and conservative.
Basically, Arumuka Navalar can be defined as a traditionalist and conservative.


== Literary Works ==
== Literary Works ==
==== Orator ====
==== Orator ====
Arumuka Navalar's primary medium was the oration. He started delivering his sermon since December 31, 1847 at Vaitheeswaran temple in Vannarpannai. That is what made him a Saiva scholar. A life-long orator, his last sermon was delivered in 1879 at Sundaramoorthy Swami's Gurupoosai day, Adichuvadi, at Vannarpannai Saivaprakasa Vidhyasalai.
Arumuka Navalar's primary medium was the oration. He started delivering his sermon on December 31, 1847, at Vaitheeswaran temple in Vannarpannai. That is what made him a Saiva scholar. A life-long orator, his last sermon was delivered in 1879 at Sundaramoorthy Swami's Gurupoosai day, Adichuvadi, at Vannarpannai Saivaprakasa Vidhyasalai.
 
==== Commentator ====
==== Commentator ====
Arumuka Navalar has written books on two platforms. His books were based on Tamil grammar and Shaiva norms. He has written 24 books. He has written commentary for 16 books. Some of the books he wrote includes children's literatur such as ''Aathichoodi'', ''Kondraivendhan'' and ''Nalvazhi.''
Arumuka Navalar has written books on two platforms. His books were based on Tamil grammar and Shaiva norms. He has written 24 books. He has written commentary for 16 books. Some of the books he wrote include children's literature such as ''Aathichoodi'', ''Kondraivendhan'' and ''Nalvazhi.''


Arumuka Navalar is known as 'Father of Tamil prose' and 'Father of Tamil verse. He introduced full stop, semi-colon, question mark and exclamation mark used by westeners to Tamil.
Arumuka Navalar is known as 'Father of Tamil prose' and 'Father of Tamil verse. He introduced full stop, semi-colon, question marks and exclamation marks used by westerners to Tamil.


==== Publisher ====
==== Publisher ====
Arumuka Navalar was engaged in the work of finding palm leaf manuscripts and publishing the ancient texts. He published books such as ''Baalapadam, Aathichoodi'', commentary on ''Kondraivendhan, Sivalayatharisanavidhi, Saivasamayasaaram, Kolaimaruthal, Nanool Viruthiyurai.'' He published 44 books in various genres like grammar, religious texts and epics.
Arumuka Navalar was engaged in the work of finding palm leaf manuscripts and publishing the ancient texts. He published books such as ''Baalapadam, Aathichoodi'', commentary on ''Kondraivendhan, Sivalayatharisanavidhi, Saivasamayasaaram, Kolaimaruthal, Nanool Viruthiyurai.'' He published 44 books in various genres like grammar, religious texts and epics.
== Discussion on Arutpa Marutpa ==
== Discussion on Arutpa Marutpa ==
The songs written by Vadalur Ramalinga Vallalar were published under the name Arutpa. Arumuka Navalar argued that the word Arutpa applies only to Saiva Thirumurai and Ramalinga Vallalar's hymns should not be called that. Many on both sides wrote rebuttals . Arumuka Navalar filed a case that Ramalinga Vallalar had insulted him. In which Ramalinga Vallalar denied that he did not say so and that alone was enough to withdraw the case. (Refer [[Arutpa Marutpa Debate|Arutpa Marutpa Debate)]]
The songs written by Vadalur Ramalinga Vallalar were published under the name Arutpa. Arumuka Navalar argued that the word Arutpa applies only to Saiva Thirumurai and Ramalinga Vallalar's hymns should not be called that. Many on both sides wrote rebuttals. Arumuka Navalar filed a case that Ramalinga Vallalar had insulted him. Ramalinga Vallalar denied that he did not say so and that alone was enough to withdraw the case. (Refer [[Arutpa Marutpa Debate|Arutpa Marutpa Debate)]]
 
== Awards ==
== Awards ==
* Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam conferred the title Navalar
* Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam conferred the title Navalar
== Death ==
== Death ==
Arumuka Navalar died on December 5, 1879 (Tamil month Karthikai 21) at his home in Vannarpannai.
Arumuka Navalar died on December 5, 1879 (Tamil month Karthikai 21) at his home in Vannarpannai.
== Memorials and Biographies ==
== Memorials and Biographies ==
* The Government of Sri Lanka issued a commemorative postage stamp on October 29, 1971 in honor of Arumuka Navalar
* The Government of Sri Lanka issued a commemorative postage stamp on October 29, 1971 in honor of Arumuka Navalar
* A Navalar Mani Mandapam has been erected near the Nallur Kandaswamy temple.
* A Navalar Mani Mandapam has been erected near the Nallur Kandaswamy temple.
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* Arumuka Navalar history, T.Kailasapillai
* Arumuka Navalar history, T.Kailasapillai
* Yazhpanam Nallur Arumuka Navalar a Short History - C. Chelliah Pillai  
* Yazhpanam Nallur Arumuka Navalar a Short History - C. Chelliah Pillai  
== Criticisms ==
== Criticisms ==
Arumuka Navalar is criticized for his hard stance on Shaivam. He advocated Shaiva Agama worship and strongly opposed all other forms of worship. It was criticized.
Arumuka Navalar is criticized for his hard stance on Shaivam. He advocated Shaiva Agama worship and strongly opposed all other forms of worship. It was criticized.


Nallur Arumuka Navalar emphasized Shaiva ethics. He introduced old customs including untouchability. Hence he is condemned.
Nallur Arumuka Navalar emphasized Shaiva ethics. He introduced old customs including untouchability. Hence he is condemned.
== Books ==
== Books ==
[https://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D Books published by Arumuka Navalar are available in Noolagam - Digital library]
[https://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D Books published by Arumuka Navalar are available in Noolagam - Internet library]
 
==== Written and Published Shaiva Religious texts ====
==== Written and Published Shaiva Religious texts ====
* Shaiva Samaya Saaram
* Shaiva Samaya Saaram
* Sivalaya Tharisana Vidhi
* Sivalaya Tharisana Vidhi
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* Gurushishyakiramam
* Gurushishyakiramam
* Marutpa (Poliarutpa Maruppu)
* Marutpa (Poliarutpa Maruppu)
==== Written and Published criticisms on Christianity ====
==== Written and Published criticisms on Christianity ====
* Shivathoodana Parigaram
* Shivathoodana Parigaram
* Mathiyavatha Nirasanam
* Mathiyavatha Nirasanam
* Supira Botham
* Supira Botham
* Vachirathandam
* Vachirathandam
Refer [[கண்டன வெளியீடு|Condemnation issues]]
Refer [[கண்டன வெளியீடு|Condemnation issues]]
==== Written and Published Prose Texts ====
==== Written and Published Prose Texts ====
* Periyapurana Vasanam
* Periyapurana Vasanam
* Thiruvilaiyadalpurana Vasanam
* Thiruvilaiyadalpurana Vasanam
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* Periyapurana Soosanam
* Periyapurana Soosanam
* Yazhpana Samayanilai
* Yazhpana Samayanilai
==== Written and Published Textbooks ====
==== Written and Published Textbooks ====
* Baalapadam 1
* Baalapadam 1
* Baalapadam 2
* Baalapadam 2
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* Ilakana Vina Vidai
* Ilakana Vina Vidai
* Shaiva Vina Vidai
* Shaiva Vina Vidai
==== Published Books ====
==== Published Books ====
===== Original Editions =====
===== Original Editions =====
* Villiputhoorar Bharatham
* Villiputhoorar Bharatham
* Sethu Puranam
* Sethu Puranam
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* Vuvamana Sangiragam
* Vuvamana Sangiragam
* Rathina Surukkam
* Rathina Surukkam
==== Editions with Source and Commentary ====
==== Editions with Source and Commentary ====
* Nannool Viruthivurai
* Nannool Viruthivurai
* Nannool Kaandigaiurai
* Nannool Kaandigaiurai
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* Tharukka Sangaravurai
* Tharukka Sangaravurai
* Annapatteeyam
* Annapatteeyam
* Prayoga Vivegam
* Prayoga VivegamThiruchitrambala Kovaiurai
* Thiruchitrambala Kovaiurai
* Thirukkovaiyar Nachinarkiniyar Urai
* Thirukkovaiyar Nachinarkiniyar Urai
* Soodamani Nigandurai
* Soodamani Nigandurai


{{Being created-en}}
==== புத்துரைப் Editions ====
 
* Aathichoodi
* Kondraivendhan
* Nanneri
* Nalvazhi
* Vaakundaam
* Koyirpuranam
* Tirumurukātṟuppadai
* Shaiva Samaya Neri
* Sivatharumotharam
* Thiruchenthineerotaga yamagavanthaathi
* Mathooranthathi
* Saundarya Lahari
 
== References ==
 
* [https://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D Arumuka Navalar books - Internet  Library]
* [https://noolaham.net/project/675/67435/67435.pdf Arumuka Navalar history Boologa Singam, Internet  Library]
* Dictionary of biography of the Tamils of Ceylon, 1997 (compiled by S. Arumugam)
* Eela Naatin Tamil Sudar Manigal - Thenpuloliyur Mu. Ganapathypillai
* Sittrilakiya Poet Dictionary: N.V. Jeyaraman
* [http://kanaga_sritharan.tripod.com/sittilakkiyam.htm#2 A collection of sittrilakiya Poets of Eelam who lived between 17th and 20th century: Kanaga Sreedharan Australia|Yazhpanam history - Navalar Kottam A.Muthuthambipillai(1912) | Sittrilakiya Poet Dictionary: N.V. Jeyaraman | Hindu encyclopedia - Kalakeerthi P.Boologasingam(1990)]
* [https://aarumuganaavalar.blogspot.com/ Arumuka Navalar]
* [https://kovaimani-tamilmanuscriptology.blogspot.com/2019/12/blog-post.html Tamilmanuscriptology: Yazhpanam, Nallur Arumuka Navalar]
* [https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM2l0Yy&tag=%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D#book1/ Nallur Arumuka Navalar History Internet Library]
* [https://archive.org/stream/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM8luQy.TVA_BOK_0001614/TVA_BOK_0001614_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_djvu.txt Essays on Nallur Arumuka Navalar Internet Library]
* [https://www.thejaffna.com/eminence/%e0%ae%86%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%81%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%81%e0%ae%95-%e0%ae%a8%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d Arumuka Navalar Jaffna com]
* [https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZh9kuhy&tag=%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D#book1/ Arumuka Navalar History: T. Kailasapillai Internet Library]
{{Ready for review-en}}

Revision as of 07:44, 3 July 2022

இந்தப் பக்கத்தை தமிழில் வாசிக்க: ஆறுமுக நாவலர் ‎

Arumuka Navalar
Arumuka Navalar

Arumuka Navalar(December 18, 1822 - December 5, 1879) was a Tamil scholar, Shaivam scholar, teacher in Tamil and English, Translator, Publisher, Commentator and Orator. He published many ancient Tamil texts including Thirukkural Parimelazhagar Urai and Nannool Kandigai. Arumuka Navalar is remembered for his discourses on Shaivam religion and work on publishing. He is one of the primary figures in the nineteenth-century Shaivam Revival Movement.

Birth and Education

Arumuka Navalar was born as the last son to Kandapillai and Sivagami on December 18, 1822, in Nallur, Jaffna Srilanka. Navalar's birth name was Arumugampillai. He started learning from five. He learned Moothurai and dictionary from Subramaniya Upadhiyayar at porch school. He completed higher education from Saravanamuthu Pulavar and Senathirasa Mudaliyar. Arumuka Navalar showed erudition in Tamil and Sanskrit. He studied English at Wesleyan Methodist Central College, Jaffna.

Work as a Teacher

Arumuka Navalar worked as a teacher for some time at Wesleyan Methodist Central College, where he studied. He taught many students on his porch. Arumuga Thambiran was his student.

Bible Translation

Arumuka Navalar was close to pastor Peter Percival and worked as an editor on the team that translated the Bible. Arumuka Navalar worked along with Vaddukoddai Gurumadam. When the Bible translation work was going on in Jaffna, Arumuka Navalar and Peter Percival went to Chennai, after hearing that the Christian church in Chennai was doing the same, to establish which translation was the best. Mazhavai Vidwan Mahalinga Iyer acted as arbitrator and ruled that the translation of the Arumuka Navalar was the best. It is said that it was accepted.

Work on Shaivam

In Sri Lanka, the American Mission established the Vaddukoddai Gurumadam and Tellippalai College and actively propagated religion(மதப்பரப்பு). The elites of Jaffna were converting to Christianity for the sake of English education. Arumuka Navalar thought it would destroy Shaivam and became a propagator of Shaivism. He began his work on Shaivam by publishing pamphlets as a denial of pamphlets from Christians denouncing Shaivam. He published small books and pamphlets. He wrote a commentary on Shaivam psalms.

Arumuka Navalar wrote small books. He continued to work to restore antiquity and tradition. He started a Shaivam school called 'Shaiva Prakasa Vidyasalai' on November 11, 1864, in Chidambaram. Arumuka Navalar attempted to rebuild the ancient Shiva temple of Naguleswaram in Jaffna, which was destroyed by the Portuguese. He performed sermons on Shaivism.

Arumuka Navalar went to Chennai along with Nallur Sadasivam Pillai in Tamil month Aadi 1849 to buy a printer to print textbooks on Shaivam. There he gave a lecture on Shaivam at Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam and expressed his erudition and received the title 'Navalar' from Thiruvaduthurai Adheena. He stayed in Chennai for a while, published Soodamani Nigandu and Saundarya Lahari and returned to Jaffna with a printer.

Arumuka Navalar established a printing house 'Vidhyanubalana Atchiyantharasalai' at his residence and published books like Baalapadam, Aathichoodi, commentary on Kondraivendhan, Sivalayatharisanavidhi, Saivasamayasaaram, Kolaimaruthal, Nanool Viruthiyurai, Thirichendinirottaka Yamagavanthathiyurai and commentary on Tirumurukatruppadai. He wrote Thiruthondar 'Periya Puranam' in a dialogue form. Also, he published texts like Gyanakummi, Yesumathaparigaram and Vachirathandam.

Arumuka Navalar returned to Chennai and published Thiruvasagam and Thirukkovaiyar in the Tamil month Vaikasi, 1859. He established 'Vidhyanubalana Atchiyantharasalai' in Thangasalai, Chennai and published various Shaivam texts. After staying in Chennai, Thiruvaduthurai and Thirunagaikoranam and giving Shaivam sermons, he returned to Jaffna in the Tamil month Panguni, 1862.

On the Tamil month Margazhi, 18963 Arumuka Navalar came to Tamilnadu again. He addressed in Ramanathapuram. From there, he went to Madurai and spoke at Meenakshi Amman Sannidhanam. He addressed in Kundrakudi Adheenam, Tirupperunturai, Thirupullirukkuvelur and Sirkali. He went to Chidambaram and established Chidambaram Saivaprakasa Vidhyasalai in the Tamil month of Aippasi, 1864. Returning to Chennai in the Tamil month Margazhi 1866, Arumuka Navalar became involved in preaching Shaivam and printing and publishing books.

Arumuka Navalar started a Shaivam school at Copay in 1870 and ran it at his own expense. In 1871, Shaivam students were expelled by John Kilner for wearing holy ash at the Wesleyan English School, Vannarpannai. Considering the benefit to the children, Arumuka Navalar established and ran a Shaivam school at Vannarpannai in 1872. This school ran only for four years owing to a lack of funds.

In the Tamil month of Aippasi in 1872, Arumuka Navalar compiled the facts he had learned from his experience up to that time and named it the 'Yazhpana Samaya Nilai'. Between 1875 and 1878, Arumuka Navalar involved in writing books such as Nanool Viruthiyurai, Naidathavurai, Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam, Nanoor Kaandigaivurai, Sivapoosa Vidhi, Moondram Anutaana Vidhi, Guru Sishya Kiramam, Poosaikku Idampannum Vidhi, Siraatha Vidhi, Tharupana Vidhi, Bosana Vidhi, Tamil Agarathi, Tamil-Samaskrutha Agarathi, Tamil-Aangila Agarathi and involved in sermons on Shaivam.

Arumuka Navalar's Shaiva Approach

Arumuka Navalar had a strongly traditional view related to Shaivam. He argued that Shaiva agamas should be practiced in all temples without exceptions. Arumuka Navalar was not at all receptive to individualist trends within Shaivism in Chidambaram Temple or new trends such as Ramalinga Vallalar's movement branching out into Saivism. He was in close contact with Shaiva monasteries. He thought that the monasteries should take the lead in establishing the tradition.

Arumuka Navalar believed that Shaivam was southbound. So he presented the Saiva Thirumuraigal as the Saivite texts next to the Agamas. He tried to practice Tevaram Parayanam in temples.

Arumuka Navalar Emphasized traditional Shaiva ethics. He insisted that the Shaivas should observe all the rituals of life, including taking Shiv Diksha. He abstained Shiavas from eating with the lower castes and from touching the lower castes.

Basically, Arumuka Navalar can be defined as a traditionalist and conservative.

Literary Works

Orator

Arumuka Navalar's primary medium was the oration. He started delivering his sermon on December 31, 1847, at Vaitheeswaran temple in Vannarpannai. That is what made him a Saiva scholar. A life-long orator, his last sermon was delivered in 1879 at Sundaramoorthy Swami's Gurupoosai day, Adichuvadi, at Vannarpannai Saivaprakasa Vidhyasalai.

Commentator

Arumuka Navalar has written books on two platforms. His books were based on Tamil grammar and Shaiva norms. He has written 24 books. He has written commentary for 16 books. Some of the books he wrote include children's literature such as Aathichoodi, Kondraivendhan and Nalvazhi.

Arumuka Navalar is known as 'Father of Tamil prose' and 'Father of Tamil verse. He introduced full stop, semi-colon, question marks and exclamation marks used by westerners to Tamil.

Publisher

Arumuka Navalar was engaged in the work of finding palm leaf manuscripts and publishing the ancient texts. He published books such as Baalapadam, Aathichoodi, commentary on Kondraivendhan, Sivalayatharisanavidhi, Saivasamayasaaram, Kolaimaruthal, Nanool Viruthiyurai. He published 44 books in various genres like grammar, religious texts and epics.

Discussion on Arutpa Marutpa

The songs written by Vadalur Ramalinga Vallalar were published under the name Arutpa. Arumuka Navalar argued that the word Arutpa applies only to Saiva Thirumurai and Ramalinga Vallalar's hymns should not be called that. Many on both sides wrote rebuttals. Arumuka Navalar filed a case that Ramalinga Vallalar had insulted him. Ramalinga Vallalar denied that he did not say so and that alone was enough to withdraw the case. (Refer Arutpa Marutpa Debate)

Awards

  • Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam conferred the title Navalar

Death

Arumuka Navalar died on December 5, 1879 (Tamil month Karthikai 21) at his home in Vannarpannai.

Memorials and Biographies

  • The Government of Sri Lanka issued a commemorative postage stamp on October 29, 1971 in honor of Arumuka Navalar
  • A Navalar Mani Mandapam has been erected near the Nallur Kandaswamy temple.
  • Nallur Arumuka Navalar History - V. Kanagaratna Upathiyar
  • Arumuka Navalar history, T.Kailasapillai
  • Yazhpanam Nallur Arumuka Navalar a Short History - C. Chelliah Pillai

Criticisms

Arumuka Navalar is criticized for his hard stance on Shaivam. He advocated Shaiva Agama worship and strongly opposed all other forms of worship. It was criticized.

Nallur Arumuka Navalar emphasized Shaiva ethics. He introduced old customs including untouchability. Hence he is condemned.

Books

Books published by Arumuka Navalar are available in Noolagam - Internet library

Written and Published Shaiva Religious texts

  • Shaiva Samaya Saaram
  • Sivalaya Tharisana Vidhi
  • Nithya Karuma Vidhi
  • Siraartha Vidhi
  • Tharpana Vidhi
  • Gurushishyakiramam
  • Marutpa (Poliarutpa Maruppu)

Written and Published criticisms on Christianity

  • Shivathoodana Parigaram
  • Mathiyavatha Nirasanam
  • Supira Botham
  • Vachirathandam

Refer Condemnation issues

Written and Published Prose Texts

  • Periyapurana Vasanam
  • Thiruvilaiyadalpurana Vasanam
  • Kandapurana Vasanam
  • Periyapurana Soosanam
  • Yazhpana Samayanilai

Written and Published Textbooks

  • Baalapadam 1
  • Baalapadam 2
  • Baalapadam 3
  • Baalapadam 4
  • Ilakana Vina Vidai
  • Shaiva Vina Vidai

Published Books

Original Editions
  • Villiputhoorar Bharatham
  • Sethu Puranam
  • Kanda Puranam
  • Periya Puranam
  • Thiruvasagam
  • Thirukkovaiyar
  • Thiruchendhuragaval
  • Naalvar Naanmanimalai
  • Maraisayanthaathi
  • Chidambara Mummanikovai
  • Kulathoor Amuthaambigai Pillaithamil
  • Vuvamana Sangiragam
  • Rathina Surukkam

Editions with Source and Commentary

  • Nannool Viruthivurai
  • Nannool Kaandigaiurai
  • Tolkappiya Soothiraviruthi
  • Chidambaramanmiyam
  • Sivagyanabothamum Vaarthigamennum Pozhipuraiyum
  • Ilakana Koththurai
  • Tolkappiyam Sollathigaram
  • Senavaraiyam
  • Sivagyanabotha Sitrurai
  • Sivaratri Puranam
  • Sivasestralaya Mahatvasa Unmaivilakkam
  • Sivalaya Tharisanavidhi
  • Subramaniya Bothagam
  • Ilakana Vilaka Sooravali
  • Thirukkural Parimelazhagarurai
  • Kolai Maruthal
  • Tharukka Sangaravurai
  • Annapatteeyam
  • Prayoga VivegamThiruchitrambala Kovaiurai
  • Thirukkovaiyar Nachinarkiniyar Urai
  • Soodamani Nigandurai

புத்துரைப் Editions

  • Aathichoodi
  • Kondraivendhan
  • Nanneri
  • Nalvazhi
  • Vaakundaam
  • Koyirpuranam
  • Tirumurukātṟuppadai
  • Shaiva Samaya Neri
  • Sivatharumotharam
  • Thiruchenthineerotaga yamagavanthaathi
  • Mathooranthathi
  • Saundarya Lahari

References

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